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The Elcometer 456 Coating Thickness Gauge enhances efficiency by providing 70+ dry film thickness readings per minute (140+ per minute when using a scan probe). The Elcometer 456 mil gage has multiple calibration memories and alpha numeric batch identification.
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Accuracy is key when taking coating thickness measurements, that's why the Elcometer 456 paint meter is designed to measure dry film thickness on smooth, rough, thin and curved surfaces to 1% in accordance with National & International Standards.
The Elcometer 456 Coating Thickness Gauge stores up to 150,000 readings in 2,500 batches and has the ability to measure up to 31mm (1,220mils) of coating on metal substrates. Its USB and Bluetooth data output make it compatible with ElcoMaster Data Management Software for fast and accurate coating inspection reporting.
The Elcometer 456 Coating Thickness Gauge is available in three different models. Each coating thickness gauge provides the user with increasing functionality - from the entry level Elcometer 456 Paint Thickness Gauge Model B, to the top of the range Elcometer 456 Film Thickness Gauge Model T.
Designed with large buttons and a colour screen, the Elcometer 456 Coating Thickness Gauge allows easy measurements thanks to its enhanced usability. The paint gauge features an LCD screen with auto rotate and is factory calibrated with high and low reading limit indicators in multiple languages.
The HB 30 is an electronic wood and building moisture meter based on the resistance measuring principle for precision measurements of sawn timber (up to 180 mm thick), chipboard, parquet and set building materials. All common types of wood can be measured. Building moisture (e.g. screeds, mortars, plasters, concrete, bricks, insulating and insulating materials) can be measured using the capacitive measuring method or the resistance measuring principle. Thus, on the one hand, non-destructive measurements can be taken, and on the other hand, exact moisture profiles of affected areas can be created. Furthermore, the surface temperature can be measured by means of an infrared sensor. Particularly suitable for parquet layers, interior fitters and carpenters.
Scanning electron micrographs of ragweed (RW) pollen grains before and after chemical treatment. Low-magnification images of a collection of RW pollen (A) before and (B) after chemical treatment. High magnification images of a single RW pollen (C) before and (D) after chemical treatment. Magnified view of a RW aperture (indicated by arrow) (E) before and (F) after chemical treatment. Aperture gets opened after chemical processing. Images of manually cracked pollen interior (G) before and (H) after chemical treatment. An open aperture can be seen from the inside (arrow in H), ex = exine or outer layer, in = intine or inner layer.
Cytotoxicity of ragweed (RW) pollen in comparison with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). Caco-2 cells were cultured with chemically processed RW pollen or 15 μm diameter PLGA particles for 6 h. Cell membrane damage was assessed with LDH assay. Values shown are means SD for three independent experiments. ns = not significant.
Deficits related to inhibitory control of cocaine and crack users were identified in a systematic literature review, which points to high levels of impulsiveness, contributing to this population experiencing insufficiency in self-regulation and self-control (Czermainski, Willhelm, Santos, Pachado & Almeida, 2017). Specifically in crack users, the skills dysfunctions previously mentioned that act as executive functions make cognitive processing difficult in planning and executing goals. Such alteration occurs in the same prefrontal region where neuronal connections that moderate self-control, making this ability even harder in drug addicts (Hess, Silva & Almeida, 2017).
In female crack users, the self-control of aggression in aversive situations is especially relevant, as impairments of this ability make social interactions difficult and may lead to social isolation (Caballo, 2003). The self-control of aggression to aversive situations is defined by Del Prette and Del Prette (2001) as a type of social skill in which the expression of dislike or anger is performed in a socially competent manner, avoiding future problems in social interactions.
Different factors can hinder aggression self-control: the use of stimulant substances such as crack, the contexts of interaction, situations related to drug use and psychiatric comorbidities, as it will be explained bellow. The literature points out that the search for immediate rewards and impulsivity, characteristic of crack use, can hinder this self-control (Bungay, Johnson, Varcoe, & Boyd, 2010). The increase of impulsive behaviors and the decrease of executive functions (control of impulsive behaviors) were identified in female crack users, when compared to the control group, according to a Brazilian study with 98 women (Hess, Menezes & Almeida, 2017). In its turn, difficulties in aggression self-control may also contribute to drug use, being the drug used as a maladaptive way of dealing with interpersonal situations (Caballo, 2003). According to a multiple case study with three female crack users, it was found that difficulties in aggression self-control occurred since childhood, not being an exclusive factor in drug use. The family context whose manifestation of anger occurs in a maladaptive manner may contribute to such difficulties (Limberger & Andretta, 2017).
In its turn, contexts of interaction that are not related to drug use can promote a socially skilled repertoire, including self-control of aggression, given that the development of social skills takes place through lifelong learning experiences. in contexts like family, school, work, etc. (Argyle, Bryant, & Trower, 1974; Caballo, 2003). From this perspective, high social skills were presented by crack users when they had significant social support, according to a Brazilian study with 519 crack users (Horta et al., 2016).
Considering the impulsivity related to crack use (Hess, Menezes, & Almeida, 2017), the presence of damage in the aggressiveness self-control in crack users (Almeida, Flores & Scheffer, 2013; Czermainski, Willhelm, Santos, Pachado & Almeida, 2017) and the lack of specific studies with female crack users (Limberger, Nascimento, Schneider, & Andretta, 2015), there is a need for evidence to explain which factors contribute to the difficulties in self-control of aggression by female crack users in order to promote advancement in the area and greater attention of health and public policy professionals (Limberger, Schneider, & Andretta, 2015). Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the predictive value of psychiatric comorbidities, interaction contexts and situations related to drug use in the self-control of aggression of female crack users.
A total of 62 women hospitalized by the Brazilian public health system, called the Unified Health System (SUS), participated in this study for detoxification due to the use of crack. The sample size calculation was performed using STATS 2.0 statistical software, with a desired confidence level of 80%.
The following inclusion criteria were adopted: women aged between 18 to 59 years old, with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria (APA, 2014) for Crack-Related Disorder, abstinent for at least seven days, between the seventh and the fifteenth day of hospitalization. The choice for such period of time was in order to delimit the treatment time (Kopetz et al., 2014). Simultaneous use of other drugs could occur as long as crack was the drug that motivated the decision for hospitalization.
Initially, the general repertoire of social skills of female crack users undergoing treatment was evaluated. Specifically regarding the aggressiveness self-control, focus of this study, it was indentified that 38.7% (n = 24) of the participants presented deficit, 19.4% (n = 12) reported repertoire bellow the average, 11.3% (n = 7) reported medium repertoire and 30.6% (n = 19) reported quite elaborate repertoire.
In the Brazilian context, a study carried out in a unit of the Foundation of Socio-Educational Assistance in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre (RS), with 83 young men, identified similar results (Davoglio & Gauer, 2011). The use of psychoactive substances correlated positively with the infractions for which young people were complying with socio-educational measures, including drug trafficking, which acted as a catalyst for violence and corresponded to 6% of the crimes committed by these adolescents. Still in this context, Guimarães, Santos, Freitas and Araujo (2008) found the presence of criminal records (40% of the surveyed sample) in crack users admitted to the Detoxification Unit of the São Pedro Psychiatric Hospital of Porto Alegre (RS).